|
Technical
Program
Tuesday: Morning
Sessions (TA1 - TA6) | Afternoon Sessions (TP1 - TP6)
Wednesday: Morning
Sessions (WA1 - WA6) | Afternoon
Sessions (WP1 - WP6)
Thursday: Morning
Sessions (THA1 - THA6)
Interactive Poster
Sessions
Tuesday, October 10, 2006 |
Morning Sessions:
8:00 AM - 10:50 AM |
Industry
"Focused Track"
|
Systems/Design
Track
|
Materials
Track |
Reliability
Track |
Interconnect
Track |
Advanced
Technologies Track |
TA1
Advanced Packaging in RF and Wireless Applications I
Chairs: Ron Barnett, GeoMat Insights LLC; Aicha Elshabini, University of
Idaho
View More Info on the RF/Wireless "Focused Sessions" or see session info below
Cutting
edge RF, Microwave, and Millimeter packaging is the subject
of this focused session, where you will see papers on
MMwave Ball-Grid-Arrays, a novel method of eliminating
bypass capacitors, a 3D plastic-based system-system-in-a-package,
and several new innovative low cost Microwave packaging
systems.
Microwave
Performance of Ball Grid Array Packages
Rick Sturdivant, Microwave Packaging Technology, Inc.
A Novel
Wideband Embedded Decoupling Structure for Power Supply
Distribution in RF and Microwave Circuits that Eliminates
Bypass Capacitors by Controlling Resonances
Thomas A. Jerse, The Citadel; Ron Barnett, GeoMat Insights LLC
Advanced
Thick Film Technology Enabling Three-Dimensional Microwave
Microcircuits
Lewis Dove, Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Wall-Grid
Array Laminate Multi-Chip Module
Paul Cassanego, Brian Hutchison, Robin Zinsmaster, Donald Estreich, Matt
Schwiebert, Bob Fullmer, Jim P. Stephens, Connie Van Schaick, Dave Dascher,
Agilent Technologies
High
Performance Thick Film Ball Grid Array Package
Donald E. Schott, Agilent Technologies
Compact
and High Density Hermetic Modules for Microwave and Millimeter
Wave Applications
Anh-Vu Pham, University of California, Davis
|
TA2
Electrical Design and Modeling I
Chairs: Jim Knighten, Terradata, a division of NCR; W. Kinzy Jones, Jr.,
Motorola
Leading-edge
developments in high-speed signaling, PCB design, signal
integrity, EMI/EMC, and other topics related to electrical
design and modeling for components and systems.
VLSI
Packaging Features for EMI Containment
Sergiu Radu, Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Advanced
Via Structure in BGA Substrate Design for High-Speed
Application
Robert Sung, Kevin Chiang, Yu-Po Wang, C.S. Hsiao, Siliconware Precision
Industries
Challenges in Signal Integrity for Ultra-High Speed Multi-Gigabit – 10-40 Gb/s - PCB Designs for and Dispersion Control
Joseph T. (Ted) Dibene II, Kevin B. Quest, Intel Corporation; James L.
Knighten, Terradata, a division of NCR
ESD
Design Strategy for All-In-One Printers
Theodore M. Zeeff, Hewlett Packard
CNFETs: A Performance Comparison with Current Technology
Sima Borah, Z. J. Delalic, Temple University
Influence of Radiation Losses in Microstrip Ring Resonators used for Materials Characterisation
Richard Hopkins, University of Surrey
|
TA3
Underfill and Adhesives
Chairs: Herb Neuhaus, TechLead Corporation; Ray Pearson, Lehigh University
New
underfill and adhesive applications and formulations
represent the leading edge of materials development for
electronics packaging. This session includes the most
exciting new developments in the field.
Low
Temperature Curing of Epoxies with Microwaves
Robert L. Hubbard, I. Ahmad, Lambda Technologies, Inc.; B. Toleno, Henkel
Technologies
Effects of Environmental Exposures on Underfill Material Behavior
Guoyun Tian, Chang Lin, Jeffrey Suhling, Predeep Lall, R. Wayne Johnson,
Auburn University
Underfill
Interaction with a Pb-Free CSP Assembly Process and Impact
on Reliability
Paul Morganelli, Vinod Mohan, Brian Wheelock, Antonio
Prats, Tim Adams, Emerson & Cuming Specialty Polymers
Performance
of a Novel Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive under Thermal
and Temperature/Humidity Aging Conditions
S. Manian Ramkumar, Krishnaswami Srihari, Rochester Institute of Technology
Characterization
of Carbon Nanotube Filled Conductive Adhesive
Jing Li, Janet Lumpp, University of Kentucky
High-Temperature
Spin-on Adhesives for Temporary Wafer Bonding
Sunil K. Pillalamarri, Rama Puligadda. Brewer Science, Inc.; Markus Wimplinger,
Stefan Pargfrieder, EV Group
|
TA4
Pb-Free Solder I
Chairs: Don Gudeczauskas, Uyemura International Corporation; Theodore Tessier,
FlipChip International LLC
Pb-Free
Assembly has many new challenges which must be overcome
to maintain a robust assembly process. Reliability is
also a concern as the Pb-Free solders show much different
characteristics than the typical eutectic solutions.
In many cases the assembly process can play a large role
in the reliability of the final system as the solder
characteristics can be changed with reflow profile and
environment. The surface finish to use with Pb-Free solders
must also be chosen carefully. The papers in this session
will explore the topics of a Pb-Free assembly process
and materials and their impact on reliability.
Reliability
and Microstructural Assessment of Hybrid CBGA Assemblies
Mark K. Hoffmeyer, IBM Corporation; Mukta Farooq, IBM Microelectronics
Effect
of Thermal Aging on Electrical Resistance of SnAgCu/Cu
Joints
Marco Elisio Marques, Eduardo F. Monlevade, Nokia Technology Institute;
Weiqun Peng, Nokia Research Center
Lead-Free
Die-Attachment with High-Temperature Capability by Low-Temperature
Nanosilver Paste Sintering
John Guofeng Bai, Guo-Quan Lu, Jesus N. Calata, Kevin D. Creehan, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University
Board
Level Reliability of High Density Flip Chip BGA with
Large Die and Large Package
Raghunandan Chaware, Leilei Zhang, Lan Hoang, Peter Ubaldo, Xilinx
Some
Factors Affecting Voiding in Pb-Free Solder Joints
Gavin J. Jackson, Hector Steen, Henkel Technologies
|
TA5
Packaging Technologies
Chairs: Soren Norlyng, Micronsult; Jie Xue, Cisco Systems
This
session features the challenges and the latest developments
in materials, assembly process, and packaging reliability
for products ranging from microwave to high-end networking
applications.
Super
Thin Flip Chip Assemblies on Flex Substrates - Adhesive
Bonding and Soldering Technology - Reliability Investigations
and Applications
Julian Haberland, Barbara Pahl, Fraunhofer IZM
A New
Low Stress Flip Chip Bonding Method using Ultra-Precision
Cutting of Metal/Adhesive Layers
Taiji Sakai, Seiki Sakuyama, Masataka Mizukoshi, Fujitsu Laboratories
Ltd.
Challenges
in Substrate Design, Assembly, and Reliability of SiP
Package for a High End Networking Application
Judy Priest, Jie Xue, Li Li, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Precision
Trimmable Passive Components
George Korony, Robert Heistand, AVX Corporation
Comparison
of LTCC Material Systems through Dielectric and Transmission
Characterization for Microwave/Millimeter Wave Applications
Michael Miller, David Zimmerman, Deepukumar Nair, Matthew Walsh, Bruce
Butler, Delphi
Reliability
Assessment of Hermetic Wafer Level Package for RF MEMS
Device Application
Byung Gil Jeong, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology
|
TA6
Emerging Technologies
Chairs: Kumaraswamy “Jay” Jayaraj, Simpel Corporation;
Brian Farrell, Foster Miller Inc.
Papers
in this session focus on emerging packaging technologies
being developed in Industry and academia.
Au
Stud Bumping for Wafer Probe Testing
Jamin Ling, Bob Werner, Luis Morales, Kulicke & Soffa
Industries Inc.
Low
Temperature Reduction of Copper Oxides using Electron
Attachment
Christine Dong, Richard E. Patrick, Eugene J. Karwacki, Air Products
and Chemicals, Inc.
Chemical
and Electro-Chemical Processes for 3D Chip Integration
with Through-Silicon-Via Electrodes
Bioh Kim, Charles Sharbono, Rajesh Baskaran, Brian Gardner, Semitool,
Inc.
Flexible
Interconnects for Deformable Ultra-Thin Substrates
T. Zoumpoulidis, M. Bartek, R. Dekker, L.Wang, A. Polyakov, J. Tian,
S. Sosin, Technical University of Delft
Design
and Characterization of Aligned Carbon Nanotube Based
Gas Sensors
Ning Ma, Suresh Rajaputra, Praveen Sivakumar, Janet Lumpp, Vijay Singh,
University of Kentucky
Innovative QFN Designs for System-in-Package Solutions
Andrew Holland, RF Modules & Optical Design Limited
|
Tuesday, October 10, 2006 | Afternoon Sessions:
1:45 PM - 5:30 PM |
Industry
"Focused Track" |
Systems/Design
Track |
Materials
Track |
Reliability
Track |
Interconnect
Track |
Advanced
Technologies Track |
TP1
Advanced Packaging in RF and Wireless Applications II
Chairs: Ron Barnett, GeoMat Insights LLC; John Gipprich, Northrop
Grumman Electronic
View the RF/Wireless "Focused Sessions" or see session info below
Innovative RF, Microwave, and Millimeter wave packaging
is presented in this session, where you will see papers on
multi-disciplined module/system-in-a-package design, including
mmWave plastic, Low-loss High Temperature Co-fired Ceramic
(HTCC), mmWave Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (HTCC), RF
MEMS on high resistivity Silicon, and inexpensive high performance
packaging
System-Level Design requirements for Wireless RF Module
Design
Keith Felton, Cadence Design Systems Inc.
Photoimageable Thick-Film Circuits up to 100 GHz
Manju Henry, Charles E. Free, University of Surrey
Millimeter-Wave Performance of Alumina High Temperature
Cofired Ceramics IC Packages
Rick Sturdivant, Microwave Packaging Technology, Inc.
Packaged Microwave Components for Multimedia Satellite Communication
Reinhard Kulke, Olaf Kersten, Josef Winkler, Carsten Günner,
Matthias Rittweger, IMST GmbH
Hybrid Wafer-Level Packaging for RF-MEMS Applications
Marian Bartek, S. Sosin, J. Tian, J. Iannacci, Delft University
of Technology, ECTM/DIMES
mm-Wave Packaging: A Low-Cost Solution Based on a Leadless
Plastic Package
Mario Engl, Klaus Pressel, Jochen Dangelmaier, Horst Theuss,
Werner Simbuerger, Herbert Knapp, Robert Weigel, Infineon
Technologies AG
Reducing LTCC losses at High Millimetre-Wave Frequencies
M. Henry, C. Free, University of Surrey; Quentin Reynolds, Stefan Malkmus, Jim Wood, Heraeus Circuit Materials Division |
TP2
Electrical Design and Modeling II
Chairs: Jim Knighten, Terradata, a division of NCR; W. Kinzy
Jones, Jr., Motorola Leading-edge developments in high-speed signaling, PCB design,
signal integrity, EMI/EMC, and other topics related to electrical
design and modeling for components and systems.
Accuracy and Application of Physics Based Circuit Models
for Vias
Christian Schuster, Young Kwark, Mark Ritter, IBM T. J. Watson
Research Center; Giuseppe Selli, James Drewniak, University
of Missouri-Rolla
Designing Pin Grid Array Ceramic Packages for High Performance
in High Density I/O Application
Jerry Aguirre, Paul Garland, Aki Nomura, Kyocera America,
Inc.; Larry Retherford, George Lambert, John Daniels, Lincoln
Laboratory MIT
Low Inductance Land-Grid Array Decoupling Capacitors
Andrew Ritter, Joseph M. Hock, AVX Advanced Product and Technolgy
Center
Internal Radiated Emissions Generating External Conducted
Emissions: An Overview
Bruce Harlacher, Fischer Custom Communications, Inc.
A Comprehensive Simulation Approach for Gigabit Speed PCB
Design
Lawrence Williams, Denis Soldo, Ansoft Corporation
Power Delivery Effectiveness of Individual Power Planes
in a Multiple Power Plane Pair Configuration Printed Circuit
Board
Giuseppe Selli, Liang Xue, James L. Drewniak, Bruce Archambeault,
Jun Fan, Samuel R. Connor, University of Missouri –Rolla;
James L. Knighten, Terradata, a division of NCR
|
TP3
Cu/Low-K Packaging
Chairs: Surasit Chungpaiboonpatana, Mindspeed (Conexant) Inc.;
Beth Keser, Freescale Semiconductor Cu/Low-K wirebond and flip-chip packagings are critical
to the development of advanced devices at 90nm and beyond.
This session focuses at the critical challenges of this process
through fundamental and experimental studies presented by
industry leading IDM, OSAT, and research organizations.
Critical Process of Wire Bond Low-K IC Packaging
Louie Huang, S. S. Chen, Bryan Lin, Advanced Semiconductor
Engineering, Inc.
Wafer Singulation Technology Development for Low k/Cu Technology
Chu-Chung (Stephen) Lee, TuAnh Tran, Sonder Wang, J. H. Wang,
T. B. Lau, Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Shadow
Moiré Thermal Stress Behaviors as a Predictive Method for
Low k Wire Bonded Thermally Enhanced Package Reliability Performance
Sheila Chopin, Matt Ruston, Freescale Semiconductor Inc.
Assembly Process Development for 44um Wire Pitch Device
with 90nm CMOS Technology and Bond over Active Pad Structure
Nhat (Nick) Vo, Tu Anh Tran, Chuchung (Stephen) Lee, Sonder
Wang, C.C. Yong, Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Underfill Material for Pb-Free Cu/Low-K Flip Chip Package
Chih-Ming Chung, Jarsh Lin, Advanced Semiconductor Engineering,
Inc.
|
TP4
Pb-Free Solder II
Chairs: Jon Aday, Amkor Technology, Inc.; Elvira Preecha, Qualcomm Pb-Free Assembly has many new challenges which must be overcome
to maintain a robust assembly process. Reliability is also
a concern as the Pb-Free solders show much different characteristics
than the typical eutectic solutions. In many cases the assembly
process can play a large role in the reliability of the final
system as the solder characteristics can be changed with
reflow profile and environment. The surface finish to use
with Pb-Free solders must also be chosen carefully. The papers
in this session will explore the topics of a Pb-Free assembly
process and materials and their impact on reliability.
Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of Lead Free Packages
with Organic Carriers for High End Servers Applications
Arv Sinha, IBM Corp.
Study of the Ni-P/Pd/Au (ENEPIG) Deposit as a Final Finish
for Packaging
Donald Gudeczauskas, Shigeo Hashimoto, Masayuki Kiso, Yukinori
Oda, Uyemura International Corporation
Drop Test and Failure Mechanism of Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu and Sn-37Pb
Solders in BGA Package
Jin-Wook Jang, Ananda P. De Silva, James E. Drye, Steven
L. Post, Norman L. Owens, Jong-Kai Lin, Darrel R. Frear,
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Leadfree Automotive Electronics: Status Quo and First Experiences
in Production and Field Behaviour
Petrik Lange, Andreas Herenz, Jochen Diekmann, Wolfgang Labod,
Tilmann Seubert, Hella KGaA
Investigation of the Lead-Free Solder Joint Shear Performance
James Webster, Jianbiao “John” Pan, California
Polytechnic State University; Brian J. Toleno, Henkel Technologies
Investigating the Lead Free Manufacturing Process
Rita Mohanty, Joe Belmonte, Speedline Technology
Effect of Reflow Profile (RSP Vs RTP) on Sn/3.8Ag/0.7Cu
Solder Joint Strength
Ibrahim Ahmad, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
|
TP5
Wirebonding I
Chairs: Roupen Keusseyan, DuPont Microcircuit Materials; Jianbiao
John Pan, California Polytechnic State The wire bonding of new, finer pitch packages, loop shapes
and materials are continuously evolving. This session focuses
on fine pitch issues.
New Wire Bonding Loops for Stacked Die Packages
Lee R. Levine, Bob Chylak, Stephen Babinetz, O.D. Kwon,
Kulicke & Soffa
Industries Inc.
Surface Characterization of Gold Bonding Wire for High Density
Interconnect Application
Matthew Gallaugher, R. Sodhi, Z.Wang, Y.C. Koo, University
of Toronto; J. Persic, Microbonds Inc.
Improvement of High-Temperature Reliability of Ball Bond
using Platinum-Modified Gold Alloy Wires
Kazunari Maki, Yuji Nakata, Masayoshi Nagao, Akifumi Mishima,
Mitsubishi Materials Corporation
Plasma Treatment for Enhancing Wire Bonding to Cu Surface
Serguei Stoukatch, Philippe Soussan, Eric Beyne, IMEC vzw.
Process Portability Quantification Method
Gur Giyora, Sonnenreich Beni, Kulicke & Soffa Industries,
Inc. - Bonding Tools
Wirelocking for Fine Pitch Wirebond
Michael V. Ascerno, Freescale Semiconductor Inc.
PowerRibbon™ -
An Alternative Interconnect Technology for Small Power
Packages
Chrsitoph Luechinger, Kris Oftebro, Siegbert Haumann, Orthodyne
Electronics
|
TP6
Packaging Materials and Processes using Nano Technologies for
Next Stage Electronics (Japanese to English Translation)
Chairs: Fumio Miyashiro, PI R&D Co., Ltd.; Michael
Alan Stein, Electro-Science Labs, Inc. This session will discuss next stage in fine pitch circuit
technologies by advanced nano-materials and nano-processes.
This session will be presented in Japanese with English translation
available.
Dielectric Layers Formed by Aerosol Deposition and its Application
to Embedded Passive Ceramic Components
Jun Akedo, S. M. Nama, National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology; Y. Imanaka, Fujitsu Limited; T. Tsurumi,
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Development and Application of Block Co-Polyimides Photo-Imageable
Polyimide Ink
Toshiyuki Goshima, Shintaro Nakajima, Win Maw Soe, PI R&D
Co., Ltd.
Direct Metal Patterning for Printable Electronics by Inkjet
Technology
Shin-ichi Nishi, Konicaminolta Technologies Inc.
LTCC Multilevel Interconnection Substrate with Ink-jet Printing and Thick Film Printing for High Density Packaging Yuki Kawamura, Koji Sigezawa, Tetsuro Tanaka, Koji Koiwai, KOA Corporation; Koichi Mizugaki, Kazuaki Sakurada, Toshiyuki Kobayashi, Kenji Wada, SEIKO EPSON Corporation
Liquid Wiring
Technology by Ink-jet Printing Using NanoPaste®
Hiroshi Saito, Harima Chemicals, Inc.
Micro Bump Formation by using a Super Fine Inkjet System
Kazuhiro Murata, National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology
Application of Inkjet Printing Technology to Electro Packaging
Hideo Imai, SEIKO EPSON Corporation
|
Wednesday, October 11, 2006 | Morning Sessions:
8:00 AM - 11:30 AM
|
Industry
"Focused Track" |
Systems/Design
Track |
Materials
Track |
Reliability
Track |
Interconnect
Track |
Advanced
Technologies Track |
WA1
Advanced Packaging in Military Applications
Chairs: Greg Caswell, VirTex Assembly Services, Inc.; Christo
Bojkov, MAXIM-DallasSemi
View the Military "Focused Sessions" or see session info below
This session will address issues and applications that are
affecting the implementation of next generation military
electronics, from 3D and novel packaging approaches, to fiberoptics
and reliability.
A Systems-In-Package Approach for Military and Aerospace
Applications using FlipChip and 3-D Packaging
Keith Sturcken, BAE SYSTEMS
3D Technologies for Advanced Hybrid/MCM Designs
Tom Dlouhy, Gordon Jensen, CAD Design Software
High Temperature Generic Electronic Module (GEM) for Aerospace
Actuators
Bhal R. Tulpule, Richard Millar, Steve Raccio, Carole Teolis,
Embedded Systems LLC
A Novel IC Packaging Approach
Anna Fontanelli, Mentor Graphics Corporation
Hot Solder Dip and Minimizing Thermal Gradients
Russell T. Winslow, Ganesh R. Iyer, Minerva M. Cruz, Six Sigma; Guna S. Selvaduray, San Jose State University
Effect of High Temperature Storage in Vacuum, Air, and Humid
Conditions on Degradation of Gold/Aluminum Wire Bonds in
PEMs
Alexander Teverovsky, QSS Group, Inc.
Leveraging the Militarization of COTS Adhesives for Significant Cost Savings of Terrestrial Fiber Optic Cables
Gregory T. Daly, Lockheed Martin MS2
|
WA2
System Packaging
Chairs: Ray Alexander, Terradata, a division of NCR; Don Hayashigawa,
NxGen Electronics, Inc.
Running the system gauntlet from those measured in square
centimeters producing a fraction of a BTU to systems measured
in thousands of square feet producing well in excess of one
million BTUs.
A Functional Mobile Phone in a SD Card-Sized Module: A Case
Study in Electronics Miniaturization
Ilyas Mohammed, Shanquan Bao, Tessera, Inc.
Mechanical and Electrical Characteristics of Flexible Silicon
Die for Chip Embedded Packaging
Kyuho Shin, Changyoul Moon, Yong-Jun Kim, Samsung Advanced
Institute of Technology
RF/Microwave Modeling
of SiP Modules – A
Novel Approach
Ivan N. Ndip, Herbert Reichl, Stephan Guttowski, Fraunhofer
IZM
New IC Packaging Structures for System in Package Applications
Joseph Fjelstad, Kevin Grundy, Gary Yasumura, SiliconePipe,
Inc.
A 3D Computer Module Study
Don Hayashigawa, NxGen Electronics, Inc.
Practical 3D System-in-Package Solution for Mixed IC Technology
Applications
Vern Solberg, Tessera, Inc.
External Environmental Considerations that Impact Packaging
Design
Joseph Fleming, David Wang, NCR Corporation
|
WA3
Embedded and Integrated Passives
Chairs: Robert Heistand, II, AVX Corporation; Timothy Lenihan,
TGL Consulting
Integration of passives is occuring on chip, on substrate,
and in the PWB; all of these techniques are currently used
in commercial applications. Results from continuing developments
in this field for materials, fabrication techniques, and
systems will be presented in the areas of capacitors and
inductors.
Nanotechnology in Electronics Packaging
Abhijit Biswas, Pramod C. Karulkar, UAF Office of Electronic
Miniaturization
Embedded Thin Film Capacitor for PCB Application
YulKyo Chung, Jungwon Lee, SeungHyun Sohn, HyunJu Jin, SungTaek
Lim, Samsung Electro-Mechanics
3D Wafer Level Package with Large Inductors, Capacitors
and Impedance Matching
Andrzej Peczalski, James Detry, Paul Bauhahn, Honeywell
The Impact of SiP Performance and Form-Factor Requirements
on IPD Technology
Robert C. Frye, RF Design Consulting, LLC; Yaojian Lin, Guruprasad
Badakere, Brett Dunlap, Eric Gongora, STATS ChipPAC, Ltd.
Frontend
Components for 40 GHz FWA Applications in Multilayer LTCC
Reinhard Kulke, Olaf Kersten, Gregor Möllenbeck, Matthias Rittweger, IMST
GmbH; Bong-Su Kim, Kwang-Seon Kim, Woojin Byun, Myung-Sun Song, ETRI
High Frequency Characteristics of LTCC Multilayer Substrates with Ink-Jet Printed Silver Conductors
Koji Shigesawa, Yuki Kawamura, Tetsuro Tanaka, Koji Koiwai, KOA Corporation; Koichi Mizugaki, Kazuaki Sakurada, Toshiyuki Kobayashi, Kenji Wada, SEIKO EPSON Corporation
|
WA4
Flip-Chip Reliability
Chairs: Charles Banda, Laboratory for Physical Sciences; Christo
Bojkov, MAXIM-DallasSemi
As flip chip packaging continues to advance, the reliability
of these advancements needs to be understood. In this session,
several new flip chip interconnects, processes, and/or packages
and their reliability will be presented.
Lead Free Wafer Bumping Techniques with Solder Paste
Richard R. Lathrop, Heraeus Incorporated-Circuit Materials
Division
Electroless Nickel-Gold Flip Chip and CSP Reliability
Andrew J.G. Strandjord, M.Tsai, M. Johnson, H. Lu, D. Lawhead,
R. Yassie, FlipChip International, LLC
Assembly Yield Study on Flip Chip PBGA using Electroless
Ni UBM/Pb-Free Solder
J. D. Kim, W.-S. Choi, J.-W. Lee, S.-B. Lee, Samsung Techwin
Co., Ltd.
A Flip Chip Attach Method for Dense, Moderate Pin Count,
High Speed (80+ Gbps) Interconnects
Wendy L. Wilkins, M. J. Lorsung, J. E. Bublitz, B. A. Randall,
J. L. Fasig, B. K. Gilbert, E. S. Daniel, Mayo Clinic
Interaction between Component Level and Board Level Reliability
and the Effect on Low k Dielectric Reliability
Mudasir Ahmad, Sue Teng, Jie Xue, Cisco Systems, Inc.
High Reliability FCBGA Packaging
Ho-Yi Tsai, Siliconware Precision Industries Co., Ltd.
Multiple Flip-Chip Assembly for Hybrid Compact Optoelectronic
Modules using Electroplated AuSn Solder Bumps
Kun-Mo Chu, J.-S. Lee, H. Oppermann, G. Engelmann, J. Wolf,
H. Reichl, D. Y. Jeon, Korea Advanced Institute of Science
and Technology (KAIST)
|
WA5
Wirebonding II
Chairs: Lee Levine, KNS Industries, Inc.; Thomas Green, National
Training Center for Microelectronics
Wire bonding technology continues to change. Stacked die
applications, coated wire, adaptive controls, heavy wire
applications with higher frequency ultrasonic transducer
systems are all focused.
Overview of X-Wire™ Insulated
Wire Bonding Technology
Robert Lyn, John I. Persic, Young-Kyu Song, Microbonds Inc.
The Development of 100+ GHz High-Frequency MicroCoax Wire
Bonds
Sean S. Cahill, Eric A. Sanjuan, BridgeWave Communications,
Inc.; Lee Levine, Kulicke & Soffa Industries
Studbump Interconnects for High-power LED Assembly
Shatil Haque, Young-Keat Beh, Nooralshikin Hussain, Mooi
Guan Ng, Seck Hoe Wong, Kok Hong Tan, Bob Steward, Paul
Martin, Gilles Abrahamse, Lumileds Lighting LLC
Wire Bonding Solutions for Overhang Stack Die Configuration
Packages: Finite Element Analysis and Wire Bond Process Optimization
John Foley, Tom Colosimo, Ivy Wei Qin, Kulicke & Soffa
Industries Inc.
Geometry and Bond Improvements for Wire Ball Bonding and
Ball Bumping
Daniel D. Evans, Jr., Palomar Technologies, Inc.
80kHz as an Alternate Frequency for Large Aluminum Wire
Bonding
Michael McKeown, Alex Voronel, Orthodyne Electronics
Thermal Cycling Reliability of Heavy-Gauge Aluminum Wires
Ultrasonically Bonded at Elevated Temperature
Wei-Sun Loh, Martin Corfield, C. Mark Johnson, The University
of Sheffield
|
WA6
LED/SiC Packaging
Chairs: Douglas Hopkins, University of Buffalo; Herb Dwyer,
Herb Dwyer Associates
High temperature and high current densities are always challenges
cutting across many applications. This session shows advancements
in LED and SiC packaging with tremendous commonality...what
is and what is coming. Both processes and new materials are
introduced.
Recent Development of DBC (Direct Copper Bonded) Substrates:
High Temperature Solder Stop and Pure Copper, High Aspect-Ratio
Vias
Jurgen Schulz-Harder, Karl Exel, Andreas Meyer, Curamik® Electronics
GmbH
Packaging of an Extreme Environment DC Motor Drive for the
NASA Venus Lander
Brice R. McPherson, J. Garrett, E. Cilio, J. Hornberger,
S. Mounce, R. M. Schupbach, A. B. Lostetter, Arkansas Power
Electronics International
Packaging of a High-Temperature Silicon Carbide (SiC) Three-Phase
4kW Motor Drive
Jared M. Hornberger, B. McPherson, R. M. Schupbach, A. B.
Lostetter, A. Mantooth, Arkansas Power Electronics International,
Inc.
Glass Encapsulated LEDs with High Reliability and Out-coupling Efficiency
Nobuhiro Nakamura, Shuji Matsumoto, Naoki Sugimoto, Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.
Aluminum-Based High-Temperature (>200°C) Packaging for SiC Power Converters
Douglas C. Hopkins, Cemal Basaran, University at Buffalo; David W. Kellerman, Material Solutions, LLC; Juan Gomez, Universidad EAFIT Applied
|
Wednesday, October 11, 2006 | Afternoon Sessions:
1:30 PM - 5:30 PM |
Advanced
Technologies Track |
Systems/Design
Track |
Materials
Track |
Reliability
Track |
Interconnect
Track |
Advanced
Technologies Track |
WP1
Sensor and MEMS Packaging
Chairs: Ajay Malshe, University of Arkansas; David Galipeau,
South Dakota State University
The
objective of this session is “application-specific” packaging
for MEMS and Sensors.
Test Chip for Measurement of the Mechanical Stress caused
by Packaging Applications
Soeren Hirsch, Bertram Schmidt, University Magdeburg
Controlling Vacuum Levels in Discrete MEMS Packages
David Muhs, Paul Barnes, SST International
M3: Modular Microassembly System for MEMS Packaging
Rakesh Murthy, Dan Popa, Manoj Mittal, Jeongsik Sin, Harry
Stephanou, University of Texas at Arlington
Package Design for a Miniaturized Capacitive Based Chemical
Sensor
Caroline A. Kondoleon, Thomas F. Marinis, Charles Stark
Draper Laboratory
BCB Wafer Bonding Technologies for Wafer-Level Packaging with an Integrated MEMS Resonator
S. Brault, X. Leroux, M. El-Amrani, E. Dufour-Gergam, F. Parrain, S. Lani, A. Bosseboeuf, Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale; F. Verjus, P. Schwindenhammer, Philips France
Cu-Sn Solder Sealing for Hermetic Optical MEMS Devices
Package
Won Kyoung Choi, Qian Wang, Woonbae Kim, Chang Youl Moon,
Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology
Development and Characterization of Wafer-Level Hermetic
Package for RF MEMS Applications
Suk-Jin Ham, Byung-Gil Jeong, Ji-Hyuk Lim, Kyu-Dong Jung,
Moon-Chul Lee, Jun-Sik Hwang, Jong-Oh Kwon, Kae-Dong Baek,
Woon-Bae Kim, Chang-Youl Moon, Samsung Advanced Institute
of Technology
|
WP2
Thermal Management, Mechanical Design and Modeling
Chairs: Herman Chu, Cisco Systems; David Saums, DS&A
LLC
This session is to promote discussion of leading-edge developments
in thermal management and mechanical design components, materials,
and systems solutions for microelectronic devices and systems.
Shear and Creep Resistance of Thermally Conductive Adhesive
Tapes
Y. Joon Lee, Parker Hannifin, Chomerics Division
Dealing with the 3D Complexity of Power-Efficient Designs
Ralph Remsburg, Amulaire Thermal Technolgy
Three-Dimensional Electro-Thermal Modeling of Thin Film
Micro-Refrigerators for Site-Specific Cooling of VLSI ICs
Je-Hyoung Park, Yan Zhang, Sung-Mo (Steve) Kang, Ali
Shakouri, University of California, Santa Cruz; Kazuhiko
Fukutani,
Canon & University of California, Santa Cruz
Effect of PWB Design Factors and Glass Transition Temperature on PTH Reliability
Jingsong Xie, Yu-Jie Huo, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (BUAA); Yuan Zhang, Huawei Technologies Corporation; Michael Freda, Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Modeling the Effect of Die Paddle Design and Polyimide Coating
on the Thermo-Mechanical Reliability of Microelectronic Packages
Farnaz Parhami, An-Yu Kuo, Cypress Semiconductor
Heat Sink Thermal Enhancements
Andreas C. Pfahnl, Elyssa Kaplan, Amphenol TCS
Numerical Analysis of Residual Warpage of FBGA Package during
EMC Curing Process
Yong Tae Park, Tae Min Kang, Hynix Semiconductor Inc.
|
WP3
Ceramic and Conductive Materials
Chairs: John Menaugh, DuPont Electronics; Larry Zawicki,
Honeywell – KCP
Reliable thick film and LTCC technology continues to evolve
and adapt to changing market requirements. This session features
papers discussing technology and environmental enhancements.
The LTCC presentations exemplify innovative process advances
in a technology that has had huge world-wide growth during
the past 2 decades.
Next Generation Multilayer Dielectrics for High Reliability
Multilayer Hybrid Circuits
Stefan Flick, Annette Kipka, W.C. Heraeus GmbH; David Malanga,
Heraeus Inc. - TFD
Interactions between Thick Film Resistors and Aluminum Nitride
Substrates
Christel Kretzschmar, Günther Reppe, Fraunhofer Institut
für Keramische Technologien und Systeme
Investigation of the Via Fill Process for High Density Multilayer
LTCC Substrates
Fred D. Barlow, Brian Rowden, Gangqiang Wang, Aicha Elshabini,
University of Arkansas; Larry Zawicki, Gregg Barner,
Brent Duncan, Dan Krueger, Cristie Lopez, Honeywell Federal
Manufacturing & Technologies
Dimensional
Control of DuPont™ 943 LTCC Green Tape™ for
High Frequency Applications
Michael A. Smith, Howard T. Sawhill, Carl Wang, DuPont Microcircuit
Materials
On the Influence of Layer-to-Layer Misalignment on the Microwave
Performance of LTCC Antenna Modules
Peter Uhlig, Sybille Holzwarth, Oliver Litschke, Alexandra
Serwa, Dinh Trung Tran, IMST GmbH
High Performance Gold Coated Nickel Powders for Packaging
Applications in Electronics
Brian W. Callen, Eric Kozculab, Sulzer Metco (Canada) Inc.
Performance of RoHS Compliant Thick Film Gold Conductor
Samson Shahbazi, Peter Bokalo, David Malanga, Meg Tredinnick,
Jim Wood, Heraeus Inc. – TFD
|
WP4
Package Reliability I
Chairs: F. Patrick McCluskey, University of Maryland; Christo
Bojkov, MAXIM-DallasSemi
This session will discuss Assembly, Test and Reliability
evaluation for new devices and materials.
Fatigue Assessment of Solder Joints on Board Assembly Affected
by PWB Warpage
Wei Tan, I. Charles Ume, Georgia Institute of Technology
Effect of Dwell Times on the Thermal Cycling Reliability of Pb-free Wafer- Level Chip Scale Packages – Experiments and Modeling
S. Chaparala, J.M. Pitarresi, State University of New York at Binghamton; M. Meilunas, Universal Instruments Corporation
Numerical Investigations of Failure Potentials of Substrate
Through Holes
Yi-Shao Lai, Tong Hong Wang, Chin-Li Kao, Advanced Semiconductor
Engineering, Inc.
Electrothermal Coupling Analysis and Experimental
Verification for Wirebond Devices under Operation Test Conditions
Yi-Shao Lai, Chin-Li Kao, Chang-Chi Lee, Advanced Semiconductor
Engineering, Inc.
Anisotropic Conductive Films for Flex-Flex Bonding
Abhishek Singh, Ajay P. Malshe, University of Arkansas; K.
Uka, David M. Barnett, Q-Flex, Inc.
Space
Application and Microwave Glob-Top: A Reality
Claude Drevon, Philippe Monfraix, Laurent Garcia, Jean-Louis
Cazaux, Alcatel Alenia Space
Management of Information and Data used for Failure Assessment of Printed Circuit Board Assembly
Medy Ramot, RAFAEL; Diganta Das, Michael G. Pecht, University of Maryland - CALCE
|
WP5
Flip-Chip Interconnection
Chairs: Beth Keser, Freescale Semiconductor; Hong Yang, Applied
Micro Circuits Corporation
Flip chip devices can be connected to a substrate or board
through a variety of interconnection materials. In this session,
advances in flip chip interconnection will be reviewed with
an emphasis on interconnection formation.
C4NP
- First Manufacturing & Reliability Data for High-End
FlipChip Solder Bumping based on IBM’s C4NP Process
Klaus Ruhmer, Eric Laine, Peter Gruber, Dietrich Toennies,
Emmett Hughlett, SUSS MicroTec, Inc.
A Novel DoD Metal-Jet System for Solder Bumping Formation
Taik-Min Lee, Tae Goo Kang, Jeong-Soon Yang, Jeong-Dai
Jo, Kwang-Young Kim, Byung-Oh Choi, Dong-Soo Kim, Korea
Institute
of Machinery & Materials
Reliability of New Gold-Solder Interconnection System
Jae-Yun Kim, Yong-Bin Sun, Ho-Jung Chang, Kyonggi University
Latest
Technological Advancements in Stencil Printing Processes
for Ultra-Fine-Pitch Flip Chip Bumping
up to 60µm
Pitch
Dionysios Manessis, R. Patzelt, A. Ostmann, R. Ascenbrenner,
H. Reichl, R. Kay, E. de Gourcuff, Technical University Berlin/Fraunhofer
IZM Berlin
An Evaluation of Wafer Bumping Stencils Based on Solder
Transfer Ratios and Predicted Bump Heights
Scott Popelar, Robert A. Niemet, IC Interconnect
Development of Sn-Cu Bumping by Alloying Cu/Sn Metal Stacks
Kazuhito Higuchi, Masaharu Seto, Masayuki Uchida, Takashi
Togasaki, Hirokazu Ezawa, Toshiba Corporation
Production Feasibility of Electrodeposition of Tin-Silver-Copper
for Wafer Bump Applications
Rozalia Beica, Eric Chiu, Nathaniel Brese, Angelo Chirafisi,
Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials, L.L.C.
|
WP6
Nano Materials and Technologies
Chairs: Chris Matayabas, Intel Corporation; Daewoong Dave Suh,
Intel Corporation
This session is focused on application of nano materials
and technologies to microelectronic packaging. In this session,
opportunities and challenges in application of nanotechnology
for the enhancement of packaging are reviewed and key material
innovations in this area are presented.
Low Temperature Printing Wiring with Ag Salt Pastes
Katsuaki Suganuma, M. Hatamura, K.-S. Kim, M. Kawazome, S.
Horie, A. Hirasawa, H. Tanaami, Osaka University
Nanocomposites and Nanoparticle Fluids for Microelectronic
Packaging Applications
Emmanuel P. Giannelis, Cornell University
Controlling Orientation and Defects in Block Copolymer Thin
Films Through Directed Self-Assembly
Alamgir Karim, Ronald Jones, Brian Berry, Eric Amis, Sushil
Satija, Charles Laub, NIST - Polymers Division
Opportunities and Challenges for the Application of Nanotechnology
to Microelectronic Packaging Solution
Vijay Wakharkar, Chris Matayabas, Intel Corporation
Nanoscale Materials and Structures for Advanced Electronics
Ray Tsui, Motorola Labs.
Stability Issues and Internal Stresses in Nanoimprint Structures
Alamgir Karim, Hyun Wook Ro, Yifu Ding, Hae-Jeong Lee, Ronald L. Jones, Eric K. Lin, Christopher L. Soles, Wen-li Wu, NIST Polymers Division; Daniel R. Hines, University of Maryland
Packaged N-Typed Field Effect Transistors Using GaN Nanowires
Son Nguyen, Joan Zdenka Delalic,Temple University; Jeffrey M. Catchmark, Penn State Nanofabrication Facility
|
Thursday, October 12, 2006 | Morning Sessions:
8:00 AM - 12:20 PM
|
Industry
"Focused Track" |
Systems/Design
Track |
Materials
Track |
Reliability
Track |
Interconnect
Track |
Advanced
Technologies Track |
THA1
Advanced Packaging in Biomedical Applications
Chairs: Joan Delalic, Temple University; Sharad Bhatt, Shanta
Systems
View the Biomedical "Focused Sessions" or see session info below
The biomedical session is novel to the IMAPS 2006 event.
It introduces a new approach to packaging and application
of biomedical sensors and micro/nano electronic devices
Aberration Retrieval from the Point Spread Function in Ophthalmic
Wavefront Sensors
Edward Polkowski, MIEYE LLC
Development of Portable Zeolite Based Gas Sensor
David M. Kargbo, Z. Joan Delalic, Zameer Hasan, Son Nguyen,
Temple University
All-Electrical PZT/SiO2 Piezoelectric Microcantilever Mass Sensors with Femtogram/Hz Sensitivity
Wan Y. Shih, Zuyan Shen, Wei-Heng Shih, Drexel University
Portable Device for Detection of Toxic Chemicals Using Yeast-Based Biosensor
Son Nguyen, Sowrabha Vijayanna, Joan Z. Delalic, Danny Dhanasekaran, Temple University
Miniature Thin Film Precision Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors for Medical Applications
Robert Heistand II, George Korony, AVX Corporation
New Leak Test Method Increases Reliability of Hermetic Packages
John C. Pernicka, Pernicka Corporation
Reliability of Stacked Package
Shin Kim, Seo Young Yang, Young Min Lee, Dong Gil Shin, Samsung Electronics |
THA2
Interconnect Technologies and High Density Boards
Chairs: Bruce Romenesko, John Hopkins University/APL; Munawar
Ahmad, Molex, Inc.
This session will discuss the latest technology trends related
to high density substrates and advanced interconnect.
Reducing the Size of High Speed Copper Interconnects
Herb Van Deusen, Henry N. Yates, W.L. Gore & Associates,
Inc.
Development of High Speed Copper Interconnects for PCI Express
Applications
Christopher DiMinico, Leoni High Speed Cables
Electrical and Thermomechanical Evaluation of Advanced 2nd-Level-Interconnects
for LTCC Modules
Torben Baras, Maria Corrales Hernandez, Arne F. Jacob, Hamburg-Harburg
University of Technology
Electrical Design Methodology for the over 20 Metal Layer
PALAP FCBGA Substrate for the High-Speed Low-Power/Ground
Noise Application and its Electrical Performance
Ryuichi Oikawa, Katsunobu Suzuki, NEC Electronics Corporation
Improved Direct Write Technology for High Frequency Interconnects
on Flexible Substrates Improved Direct Write Technology for
High Frequency Interconnects on Flexible Substrates
Valery Marinov, Yuriy Atanasov, North Dakota State University
High Temperature Electrical Shorts in Printed Wiring Boards
Aaron C. Der Marderosian, Sr., Raytheon Company
|
THA3
RoHS Compliance and Outsourcing
Chairs: Peter Elenius, E and G Technology Partners LLC; Kim
Davies, Sanmina-SCI, Cable Systems
With RoHS taking effect July 1, the compliance requirements
need to be understood and implemented by all parties in the
electronics supply chain. This session covers RoHS compliance
from the OEM through outsourcing by presenting what companies
are doing to comply and what your company needs to do to
be in compliance.
ECOMOTO - An OEM’s
Journey to a Sustainable World
William Olson, Siegfried Pongratz, Jim Liu, Motorola Inc.
The RoHS Experience at NCR
Paul Rostek, Joe Fleming, NCR Corporation
IC Packages Certification for Green Compliance
Jeffrey C. B. Lee, IST-Integrated Service Technology
Achieving Compliance with the EU RoHS Directive - An Update
Chris J. Robertson, Paul Goodman, Stephen Pitman, ERA Technology
Ltd.
Working with Chinese Suppliers: Case Studies and Ethics
Issues
Ken Kuang, Torrey Hills Technologies, LLC; Geoffery Gao,
Kevin Duan, GTSI Corp.
|
THA4
Package Reliability II
Chairs: F. Patrick McCluskey, University of Maryland; Jie Xue,
Cisco Systems
Requirements for high reliability products continue to drive
for a robust packaging design and for improvement in materials
and assembly process. This session will discuss reliability
performance of organic, hermetic, and Pb-Free packages.
Characterization Methods for the Mechanical Stress Caused
by Packaging Processes
Soeren Hirsch, Bertram Schmidt, Marc-Peter Schmidt, University
Magdeburg
Improvement of Organic Packaging Thermal Cycle Performance
Measurement
William E. Bernier, David B. Stone, Anuj Jain, Stephen R.
Cain, Mohamed Belazzouz, Peter Slota Jr., IBM Corporation;
Glenn O. Dearing, Christian R. Lecoz, Paul J. Hart, Endicott
Interconnect Technologies, Inc.
Behavior of Moisture in Sealed Electronic Enclosures
Aaron C. Der Marderosian, Sr., Raytheon CompanyA
Low Cost High-Reliability Hermetic Packaging Option
Thomas E. Salzer, Hermetric, Inc.
Copper Column Grid Array, A High Performance Lead-Free Alternate
Rocky Shih, Joyce Taylor, Francois Billaut, Hewlett Packard
Company; Mario Interrante, International Business Machines
Corporation; George Oxx, Wesley Enroth, Allen Mays, Solectron
Corporation; Dana Korf, Sanmina-SCI Corporation
High Reliability Testing for Flip Chip Gold to Gold Interconnect
Philip Couts, TDK Corporation of America
Reliability of Soldered Components and Aluminum Wire Bonds on Plated LTCC Substrates
M. Ray Fairchild, D.H.R. Sarma, Delphi Electronics and Safety; Yung-Ping Wu, DT Microcircuits Corp.; Nicolas Gosselin, HIDEMO
|
THA5
3D Packaging and High Density Substrates
Chairs: Leonard Schaper, Univ. of Arkansas; JianQiang “James” Lu,
Renesselaer Polytechnic Institute
This session deals with advanced developments in the design
and fabrication of dense interconnect substrates and 3-D
chip packaging.
Direct Cu-Cu Thermo-Compression Bonding for 3D-Stacked IC
Integration
Serguei Stoukatch, Koen De Munck, Wouter Ruythooren, Piet
De Moor, Deniz Sabuncuogly Tezcan, Bart Swinnen, IMEC vzw.
Electrical Interconnects for 3D Wafer Stacks
Praveen Pandojirao-Sunkojirao, Rachita Dewan, Ping Zhang,
Dan O. Popa, J.-C. Chiao, Harry E. Stephanou, The University
of Texas at Arlington
Fine Circuit Formation by Semi-Additive Process using Ultra
Thin Copper Foil
Ryoichi Watanabe, Sukwon Lee, Cheol-Ho Choi, Samsung Electro-Mechanics
Co., Ltd.
Adaptive Pattern Lithography by Laser Direct Imaging for
Correctly Imaging on Distorted Substrates
Barry Ben-Ezra, David Birnbaum, Orbotech Ltd.
Bond Wire Yield Rate Optimization on SiP in a 3D Design
Environment Stacked
Gordon Jensen, John Sovinsky, CAD Design Software
High-Performance Flip-Chip BGA Technology Based on Thin-Core
and Coreless Package Substrate
Masateru Koide, Kenji Fukuzono, Hideaki Yoshimura, Toshihisa
Sato, Kenichiro Abe, Hidehiko Fujisaki, Fujitsu Limited
Novel Concepts for BCB Processing
C. Brubaker, EV Group Inc.; M. Jennison, Avago Technologies
|
THA6
Photonic/ Optoelectronic Packaging
Chairs: Yongzhi He, University of California - Irvine; Ju Choi,
University of California - Irvine
This session will review the latest progress in the packaging
technologies for optoelectronic and photonic devices and
systems for various applications.
A Thermal AWG Multiplexer Based on Passive Alignment Packaging
Technology
HyungJae Lee, Tae Hoon Kim, POINtek Inc.
An Effectual Approach to Substantial Cost Savings
Gregory T. Daly, Lockheed Martin MS2
Liquid Crystal Polymer
(LCP) Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Based Optoelectronic
and Electronic Packaging with Functionally
Hermetic Performance
Linas Jauniskis, Brian Farrell, Andrew Harvey, Foster Miller
Inc.
Interactions in Optoelectronic Packaging
John S. Mazurowski, Pennsylvania State University
1.25Gbps Optical Triplexer Module with Planar Lightwave
Circuit
Yong-Sung Eom, Sung-Il Kim, Jong-Tae Moon, Electronics and
Telecommunications Research Institute
Rare Earth Doped Photonic Glass Materials for the Miniaturization
and Integration of Optoelectronic Devices
Ju H. Choi, Frank G. Shi, University of California - Irvine
Fluxless Soldering for Hermetic Packaging of MOEMS
Abiodun Fasoro, Amit Patil, Dan O. Popa, Jeongsik Sin, Woo
Ho Lee, Heather Beardsley, Dereje Agonafer, Harry E. Stephanou,
The University of Texas at Arlington
|
|